Scotland

Later medieval centuries in Europe marked by dynastic conflict, religious change and the emergence of early modern institutions.

First major phase of Roman imperial rule, from Augustus to the accession of Diocletian, retaining republican institutions alongside imperial authority.

Period of England under the Tudor dynasty, including major religious reforms and consolidation of royal authority.

Phase of medieval European demographic, institutional and commercial expansion, including crusading movements and growing monarchies.

Conventional European historical era between late antiquity and the early modern period, with varying local periodization.

An English victory over the Scottish army led by William Wallace, after which Wallace lost his position as Guardian of Scotland.

Scottish knight and military leader who became Guardian of Scotland after the victory at Stirling Bridge and was executed in 1305.

The kingdom attempting to exercise control over Scotland during the conflict.

Capital of the Roman Empire.