Europe

Global armed conflict from 1939 to 1945, including war in Europe, Asia and the Pacific, mass civilian suffering and major geopolitical change.

First major phase of Roman imperial rule, from Augustus to the accession of Diocletian, retaining republican institutions alongside imperial authority.

Global conflict centered on the European war of 1914–1918, involving empires, colonial territories and multiple military theaters.

Later medieval centuries in Europe marked by dynastic conflict, religious change and the emergence of early modern institutions.

Communist-ruled Polish state that emerged during the end of the Second World War and ended with the political transition of 1989.

Period of England under the Tudor dynasty, including major religious reforms and consolidation of royal authority.

Global geopolitical rivalry and ideological competition centered on the United States and Soviet Union from the postwar era to the breakup of the USSR.

Series of intermittent conflicts between the English and French crowns from 1337 to 1453, driven by dynastic claims and territorial disputes, and reshaping warfare and royal authority in western Europe.

The final phase of the Roman Republic, marked by elite competition, political violence, civil wars, and the concentration of power in the hands of military leaders.

Roman imperial polity and its institutions from the rule of Augustus onward; the conventional end date of 476 CE concerns Western imperial rule, while the Eastern Roman Empire continued beyond that date.

Phase of medieval European demographic, institutional and commercial expansion, including crusading movements and growing monarchies.

Series of major European and global conflicts from 1803 to 1815 arising from the rivalry between Napoleonic France and successive coalitions, fundamentally reshaping Europe's political order.

On October 25, 1415, the English army under Henry V defeated the French near Agincourt during the Hundred Years’ War.

Allied landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944.

Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, burying Pompeii and nearby settlements under volcanic material and causing widespread destruction in the Bay of Naples region.

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, initiating the European phase of World War II and destabilizing the multiethnic eastern borderlands.

A Persian-Greek battle at the Thermopylae pass during the 480 BCE invasion of Greece, remembered for the defense led by Leonidas. Its exact calendar day remains uncertain.

The 18 June 1815 battle at which British-led and Prussian allied forces defeated Napoleon, ending the Hundred Days and decisively changing the course of the Napoleonic Wars.

Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk and nearby beaches during 26 May–4 June 1940, following the German advance in France.

The 1944 armed uprising of the Polish Home Army and Warsaw residents against German occupation, lasting from 1 August until the capitulation on 2 October. Distinct from the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

A failed attempt to seize the Spanish parliament and overturn democratic government occurred in February 1981.

German officers attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler and seize control of the Nazi state.

Henry V became king of England upon the death of Henry IV on 20 March 1413. His coronation on 9 April was a later, separate ceremony and is not included in this event.

Sophie Scholl and other White Rose resistance members were arrested, tried and executed by Nazi authorities in February 1943.

Roman general and politician who became a leading Caesarian power-holder after 44 BCE.

Roman general and dictator whose rise accelerated the collapse of the republican political order.

Roman emperor from 54 to 68 CE whose reign forms the political setting for the story and whose government persecuted Christians in Rome after the Great Fire.

Roman prefect of Judea who presided over the authority responsible for Jesus’s crucifixion.

Last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt and a major participant in the final Roman republican conflicts.

Jewish preacher whose ministry and crucifixion form the narrative center of the film.

The kingdom attempting to exercise control over Scotland during the conflict.

Capital of the Roman Empire.

Political center of the Commonwealth during the succession and mobilization period preceding the Ottoman invasion.

The kingdom whose political independence from England is the central issue of the narrative.