Historical Periods.

Arab Spring

2010 → 2012

Also known as 2010-2011 Arap dünyası protestoları · Arabellion · Arabischer Frühling

Wave of protests and political uprisings across parts of North Africa and the Middle East beginning in late 2010.

Great Recession

2007 → 2009

Also known as 2007-2009 küresel durgunluğu · Büyük Durgunluk · Crise economica de 2008

Global economic downturn following financial instability and credit crises, with major consequences for banking, employment and public policy.

Iraq War

03.2003 → 12.2011

Also known as 2nd Gulf War · 2nd Persian Gulf War · Dritte Golfkrieg

Armed conflict beginning with the United States-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and followed by occupation, insurgency and sectarian violence, with major U.S. military withdrawal in 2011.

War on Terror

2001 → 2021

Also known as Antiterrorkrieg · Der Krieg der USA gegen den Terrorismus · Global War on Terrorism

International military, security and political campaigns launched after the September 11 attacks, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Opioid epidemic in the United States

1999

Also known as Crise des opioïdes au Canada · Crise des opioïdes aux États-Unis · crise des opioïdes en Amérique du Nord

Long-running public health crisis driven by waves of prescription and illicit opioid misuse and overdose deaths in the United States.

Yugoslav Wars

1991 → 2001

Also known as Guerra Civil da Iugoslávia · Guerra Civil da Jugoslávia · Guerra civile jugoslava

Series of conflicts associated with the breakup of Yugoslavia and its aftermath, affecting several successor states.

Solidarity movement in Poland

1980 → 1989

Independent labor and civic movement in communist Poland that contributed to the political transformation of 1989.

Iranian Revolution

1978 → 1979

Also known as 1979 İran Devrimi · 1979 Iranian Revolution · 1979 İran İslam Devrimi

Political revolution in Iran that overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy and established an Islamic republic.

Lebanese Civil War

1975 → 1990

Also known as 1982 Lübnan Savaşı · Civil War of Lebanon · guerra civil del Líbano

Multi-sided civil conflict in Lebanon shaped by communal politics and extensive regional intervention.

Chilean military dictatorship

1973 → 1990

Also known as Au Chili de 1977 à 1988 · Chili de Pinochet · Chili sous Pinochet

Period of military rule in Chile after the 1973 coup, led by Augusto Pinochet until the transition to civilian government.

Digital Revolution

1970

Long transition toward digital electronics, computers, networks and information-based economic and social systems.

The Troubles

1968 → 1998

Also known as Conflict in Ireland · Conflict in Northern Ireland · Conflicto en Irlanda del Norte

Prolonged conflict in Northern Ireland involving paramilitary groups, security forces and political struggles over sovereignty.

Cultural Revolution

1966 → 1976

Also known as Chinese Revolution · Çin Kültür Devrimi · grande révolution culturelle prolétarienne

Decade of political and social upheaval in the People’s Republic of China launched under Mao Zedong.

Brazilian military dictatorship

1964 → 1985

Also known as Brasilianische Militärdiktatur · Brazilian military government (1964-1985) · Brazilian Military Junta of 1969

Military dictatorship governing Brazil, marked by censorship, political repression and economic and social change.

Space Age

04.10.1957

Also known as Era espacial · era spaziale · Ère spatiale

Era of space technology, satellites and human space exploration, conventionally beginning with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957.

Algerian War

1954 → 1962

Also known as Algerian Revolution · Algerian War of Independence · Algeria War

Conflict over Algerian independence from France, with military, political and civilian dimensions.

Civil rights movement in the United States

1954 → 1968

Also known as 1960s civil rights movement · African American civil rights movement · Afro-American civil rights movement

Modern civil rights movement seeking to end racial segregation and secure equal voting and legal rights in the United States.

Cuban Revolution

1953 → 1959

Also known as Küba Devrimi · Kubanische Revolution · Revolução Cubana

Revolutionary struggle culminating in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista and establishment of a new government in Cuba.

Mao era in China

1949 → 1976

Also known as Era Mao Tse-tung · Gobierno de Mao Zedong · history of the People's Republic of China (1949-1976)

Founding decades of the People’s Republic of China under Mao Zedong, including sweeping social and economic campaigns.

Apartheid in South Africa

1948 → 1994

Also known as apartheid

Period of codified racial segregation and minority rule in South Africa, ending with democratic transition in 1994.

Cold War

1947 → 1991

Also known as GF · guerra fredda · Guerra Fria

Global geopolitical rivalry and ideological competition centered on the United States and Soviet Union from the postwar era to the breakup of the USSR.

Decolonization after World War II

1945 → 1975

Postwar expansion of independence movements and dismantling of European colonial rule across Asia, Africa and elsewhere.

Polish People’s Republic

1944 → 1989

Communist-ruled Polish state that emerged during the end of the Second World War and ended with the political transition of 1989.

World War II

01.09.1939 → 02.09.1945

Also known as 2ª Guerra mondiale · 2.ª Guerra Mundial · 2de Guerre mondiale

Global armed conflict from 1939 to 1945, including war in Europe, Asia and the Pacific, mass civilian suffering and major geopolitical change.

Spanish Civil War

1936 → 1939

Also known as guerra civil de España · guerra civile spagnola · Guerra Civil Espanhola

Civil war between Republican and Nationalist forces in Spain, drawing extensive international involvement.

Nazi Germany

1933 → 1945

Also known as 1000-jähriges Reich · 3ème reich · 3 рейх

Period of National Socialist dictatorship in Germany characterized by aggressive war, persecution and genocide.

Shōwa era

1926 → 1989

Also known as era Shouwa · era Shôwa · Era Shōwa

Japanese imperial reign era encompassing military expansion, the Second World War, reconstruction and decades of economic growth.

Italian Fascist period

1922 → 1943

Period of Fascist dictatorship in Italy under Benito Mussolini up to the collapse of his government in 1943.

Interwar period

11.11.1918 → 01.09.1939

Also known as Dünya Savaşları Arası Dönem · Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne · entre-deux-guerres

The decades between the First and Second World Wars in Europe, marked by political transformations, economic crises and competing international orders.

Weimar Republic

1918 → 1933

Also known as Alemanha · Alemanha de Weimar · Alemania de Weimar

German republican state between the end of the First World War and the Nazi seizure of power.

Russian Revolution and Civil War

1917 → 1923

Overlapping revolutionary crises and armed conflicts that ended imperial rule and led to the consolidation of Soviet power.

World War I

07.1914 → 11.1918

Also known as 14-18 · 1ª Guerra Mundial · 1GM

Global conflict centered on the European war of 1914–1918, involving empires, colonial territories and multiple military theaters.

Republican era in China

1912 → 1949

Also known as China · China 1912–1949 · Chine

Period between the fall of the Qing dynasty and establishment of the People’s Republic, including warlord rule and major wars.

Taishō era

1912 → 1926

Also known as Democrazia Taishō · Epoka Taishō · Era Taishô

Japanese imperial reign era between Meiji and Shōwa, associated with party politics and social change.

Japanese colonial rule in Korea

1910 → 1945

Also known as Chōsen · Colonización japonesa de Corea · Corea giapponese

Period of Japanese colonial administration and resistance in Korea before liberation at the end of the Second World War.

Mexican Revolution

1910 → 1920

Also known as Guerra Civil Mexicana · Guerre civile mexicaine · La Revolución Mexicana

Decade of overlapping revolutionary movements and conflicts that transformed the Mexican state and rural society.

Indian independence movement

1885 → 1947

Also known as Hindistan Bağımsızlık Hareketi · Indian freedom movement · Indian independence struggle

Nationalist movements and campaigns against British rule in India culminating in independence and partition in 1947.

Scramble for Africa

1881 → 1914

Also known as África en la era colonial · Afrika Talanı · Balgerei um Afrika

Rapid partition and consolidation of European imperial control over most of Africa during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Belle Époque

28.01.1871 → 28.07.1914

Also known as Beautiful Era · Época bella · La bella epoca

Term for a period of relative optimism, economic change and cultural innovation in parts of Europe before the First World War, especially in France.

Gilded Age

1870 → 1900

Also known as Gilded USA · Wiek pozłacany · Yaldızlı Çağ

Period of rapid economic growth and major inequality in the United States during its late nineteenth-century industrialization.

Second Industrial Revolution

1870 → 1914

Also known as Cause della seconda rivoluzione industriale · Druga rewolucja przemysłowa · İkinci ve Üçüncü Sanayi Devrimleri

Wave of industrial and technological change associated with steel, electricity, chemistry, large corporations and global infrastructures.

Meiji era

23.10.1868 → 30.07.1912

Also known as Epoka Meiji · époque Meiji · era Meiji

Japanese imperial reign period from 1868 to 1912, associated with institutional transformation, modernization and overseas expansion.

Reconstruction era in the United States

1865 → 1877

Also known as Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin yeniden yapılanma dönemi · époque de la Reconstruction · era della Ricostruzione

Post–Civil War effort to rebuild Southern states and redefine citizenship, civil rights and political participation in the United States.

American Civil War

12.04.1861 → 26.05.1865

Also known as Amerikan İç Savaşı · Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg · Civil War

War between the Union and the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865, rooted in disputes over slavery, secession and the future of the United States.

British Raj

1858 → 1947

Also known as Britanik Raj · Britanya Hindistanı · Britisch Indien

Period of direct British Crown rule in most of the Indian subcontinent until partition and independence.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

1857 → 1858

Also known as 1857 Indian uprising · 1857 Rebellion · 1857 sepoy uprising

Major anti-colonial uprising against the East India Company in northern and central India, followed by the transfer of authority to the British Crown.

Oregon Trail emigration era

1840 → 1860

The era of organized wagon-train migration from the Missouri River frontier to Oregon and other western destinations, especially prominent from the 1840s through the 1860s.

Opium Wars

1839 → 1860

Also known as China Trade · Far East Trade · Guerra del Opio

Two major nineteenth-century wars between Qing China and Western powers that reshaped treaty ports and foreign relations.

Victorian era

1837 → 1901

Also known as Angleterre victorienne · Arquitetura vitoriana · Epoca victoriana

Reign of Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, conventionally used to describe British nineteenth-century social, political and cultural life.

Antebellum United States

1815 → 1861

United States before the Civil War, shaped by territorial growth, competing labor systems and mounting sectional tensions.

Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule

1815 → 1915

Also known as Congreso de Polonia · Congress Kingdom of Poland · Congresso da Polónia

Congress Poland, established in 1815 in personal union with the Russian Empire; its institutions and autonomy were increasingly curtailed following nineteenth-century uprisings, while the territory remained under Russian rule until World War I.

Latin American wars of independence

1808 → 1833

Also known as guerras de independencia latinoamericanas · guerras de independência na América Latina · guerres d'independence latino-américaines

Movements and wars through which most mainland Spanish American colonies became independent states.

Napoleonic Wars

18.05.1803 → 20.11.1815

Also known as Campagne napoleoniche · Forças napoleónicas · Guerra napoleónica

Series of major European and global conflicts from 1803 to 1815 arising from the rivalry between Napoleonic France and successive coalitions, fundamentally reshaping Europe's political order.

American frontier

1800 → 1890

Changing zones of settlement, migration and conflict on the expanding United States frontier, rather than a single uniform geographic or temporal boundary.

Haitian Revolution

1791 → 1804

Also known as Guerre d'indépendance d'Haïti · Guerre d'indépendance haïtienne · Haitianische Revolution

Revolution of enslaved people and other groups in Saint-Domingue leading to the establishment of independent Haiti.

French Revolution

1789 → 1799

Also known as Fransız Devrimi · Fransız İhtilali · Franzoesische Revolution

Revolutionary decade in France that transformed the monarchy, political institutions and the social order.

Abolitionist movement

1780 → 1888

Also known as abolição da escravatura · abolicionismo · abolicjonizm

Transnational political and social campaigns against slavery and the slave trade, with different timelines across societies.

American Revolutionary War

1775 → 1783

Also known as American War of Independence · Amerika Bağımsızlık Savaşı · Amerikan Bağımsızlık Savaşı

War for independence of the thirteen British North American colonies, fought across North America and beyond.

Industrial Revolution

1760 → 1840

Also known as Industrielle Revolution · prima rivoluzione industriale · Primeira Revolução Industrial

Long transformation of production, technology, labor and transport that began in Britain in the eighteenth century and spread at varying speeds worldwide.

Company rule in India

1757 → 1858

Also known as British India · Company Raj · domination de la Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales en Inde

Period of political and territorial rule exercised by the British East India Company in India before the transfer of government to the British Crown in 1858.

Seven Years' War

1756 → 1763

Also known as 7-jähriger Krieg · 7 Yıl Savaşı · Dritter Schlesischer Krieg

Global conflict involving European powers and their overseas colonies and allies, including major campaigns in North America and India.

Maratha Empire

1674 → 1818

Also known as Chronologie de l'Inde, la période marathe · Confederacion Maratha · Confederazione Maratha

Major early modern Indian polity that grew from Shivaji’s kingdom into a confederated power across much of the subcontinent before its defeat by the British East India Company.

Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)

1672 → 1676

Also known as 1671-1676 Osmanlı-Lehistan Savaşı · 1672-1676 Osmanlı-Lehistan Savaşı · guerra polacco-ottomana

A war between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, involving Crimean Tatar forces and fought chiefly over Podolia and neighboring Ukrainian territories.

Khmelnytsky Uprising

1648 → 1657

Also known as Chmelnyzkyj-Aufstand · Cossack-Polish War · Hmelnitski Ayaklanması

A major Cossack revolt against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eastern territories of the Commonwealth, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky and supported at various stages by Crimean Tatar forces.

Qing dynasty

1644 → 1912

Also known as Aisin Gioro · China Manchu · China Qing

Manchu-led dynasty ruling China from the seventeenth century until the end of imperial government in 1912.

English Civil Wars

1642 → 1651

Also known as angielska wojna domowa · Englischer Bürgerkrieg · Englische Revolution

Wars among royalist and parliamentary forces in England, Scotland and Ireland during the seventeenth-century constitutional crisis.

Thirty Years' War

1618 → 1648

Also known as 30 Years War · Dreißigjähriger Krieg · guerra dei trent'anni

Interconnected conflicts centered in the Holy Roman Empire that profoundly changed central European politics and society.

Colonial America

1607 → 1776

Also known as America coloniale · colonial history of the United States · Colonização dos Estados Unidos da América

Era of European colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America before United States independence; boundaries vary by colony.