Historical Periods.

World War II

01.09.1939 → 02.09.1945

Also known as Druga wojna światowa · WW2 · WWII

Global war from 1939 to 1945.

Arab Revolt (1916–1918)

06.1916 → 10.1918

The Arab Revolt was an uprising led by Sharif Hussein ibn Ali and his sons, supported by Britain, against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

World War I

07.1914 → 11.1918

Also known as Great War · WW1 · Pierwsza wojna światowa

The global war provides the military and imperial context for the Arab Revolt and the Ottoman campaigns in Arabia and Syria.

Industrial Łódź in the late 19th century

1870 → 1900

From the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, Łódź underwent exceptionally rapid industrialization centered on cotton and other textile production. The period was marked by factory concentration, mass migration, multinational commercial communities, and unsafe working conditions.

Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule

1815 → 1915

In the late 19th century, Łódź formed part of the Kingdom of Poland, a polity subordinate to the Russian Empire after the partitions of Poland.

European Enlightenment

1685 → 1815

Late eighteenth-century European intellectual and cultural life, including reformist monarchy, changing relations between artists and patrons, and the growth of public musical culture.

Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)

1672 → 1676

A war between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, involving Crimean Tatar forces and fought chiefly over Podolia and neighboring Ukrainian territories.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 17th century

1668 → 1673

The Commonwealth during a period of political factionalism and renewed military pressure from the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate.

Khmelnytsky Uprising

1648 → 1657

A major Cossack revolt against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eastern territories of the Commonwealth, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky and supported at various stages by Crimean Tatar forces.

Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

1592 → 1598

A series of Japanese invasions of the Joseon kingdom of Korea from 1592 to 1598, involving Japanese, Korean, and Ming Chinese forces.

Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War

1409 → 1411

The Great War between the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order, culminating in the Polish–Lithuanian victory at Grunwald.

Italian Renaissance

1400 → 1600

The Italian Renaissance, particularly its Florentine phase, formed the cultural and political setting of Medici power.

Hundred Years' War

1337 → 1453

A prolonged series of conflicts between the English and French crowns, with the film focusing on its Lancastrian phase under Henry V.

Avignon Papacy

1309 → 1377

The period from 1309 to 1377 when successive popes resided at Avignon rather than Rome, intensifying disputes over papal authority and Church governance.

Third Crusade

1189 → 1192

A major crusade launched after Saladin’s reconquest of Jerusalem, involving European rulers and campaigns in the Levant from 1189 to 1192.

Kingdom of Jerusalem

1099 → 1291

A Latin Christian crusader state established in the Levant after the First Crusade, centered on Jerusalem and later reorganized around coastal strongholds after the city’s loss in 1187.

Crusades

1095 → 1291

A series of religiously framed military expeditions, principally involving Latin Christian powers and the eastern Mediterranean, extending from the late eleventh through the late thirteenth century.

Roman Empire

27 p.n.e. → 476

The Roman Empire in the late second century CE, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and the early reign of Commodus.

Late Roman Republic

133 p.n.e. → 27 p.n.e.

The final phase of the Roman Republic, marked by elite competition, political violence, civil wars, and the concentration of power in the hands of military leaders.