Warsaw

Global armed conflict from 1939 to 1945, including war in Europe, Asia and the Pacific, mass civilian suffering and major geopolitical change.

Communist-ruled Polish state that emerged during the end of the Second World War and ended with the political transition of 1989.

A war between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, involving Crimean Tatar forces and fought chiefly over Podolia and neighboring Ukrainian territories.

Federative polity joining the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Union of Lublin in 1569 until the third partition of 1795, with a shared monarch and parliamentary institutions.

Independent labor and civic movement in communist Poland that contributed to the political transformation of 1989.

The 1944 armed uprising of the Polish Home Army and Warsaw residents against German occupation, lasting from 1 August until the capitulation on 2 October. Distinct from the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

On 11 November 1673, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under John Sobieski defeated an Ottoman army at Khotyn, strengthening the Commonwealth’s position in the ongoing war.

Grand Hetman of the Crown and commander of the Commonwealth forces victorious at Khotyn in 1673; he became king later that year.

City in England.

Strategic fortress in Podolia, besieged and captured by Ottoman forces in 1672.

Fortress on the Dniester and site of the Commonwealth victory over the Ottoman army on 11 November 1673.

Southeastern region of the Commonwealth and the principal theater of the 1672 Ottoman campaign.

City in Belgium, also known as Louvain.

City in Poland.