Historical Periods.

Edo period

1603 → 1868

Also known as Edo-Ära · Edo çağı · Edo devri

Era of Tokugawa shogunal government in Japan, marked by relative domestic stability and distinctive urban culture.

Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

1592 → 1598

Also known as Bunroku-Keichō-Krieg · Guerra Imjin · guerre d'Imjin

A series of Japanese invasions of the Joseon kingdom of Korea from 1592 to 1598, involving Japanese, Korean, and Ming Chinese forces.

Dutch Golden Age

1588 → 1672

Also known as Âge d'or néerlandais · Dutch Miracle · Edad de oro de los Países Bajos

Period of remarkable Dutch maritime commerce, artistic production and political influence during the Republic.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

1569 → 1795

Also known as Commonwealth of Poland · Comunidade das Duas Nações · Comunidade dos Dois Povos

Federative polity joining the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Union of Lublin in 1569 until the third partition of 1795, with a shared monarch and parliamentary institutions.

Azuchi–Momoyama period

1568 → 1600

Also known as Azuchi-Momoyama · Azuchi-Momoyama dönemi · Azuchi-Momoyama-Periode

Late sixteenth-century Japanese unification era associated with Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Elizabethan era

1558 → 1603

Also known as Elisabetano · Elisabethanisch · Elisabethanische Epoche

Reign of Elizabeth I in England, associated with religious settlement, overseas ventures and cultural flowering.

Mughal Empire

1526 → 1857

Also known as Babür Devleti · Babürlü · Babürlü Devleti

Early modern empire in South Asia noted for its regional political reach, courtly culture and architectural legacy.

Protestant Reformation

1517 → 1648

Also known as Cisma protestante · Reform · Reforma

Religious and political transformations that fragmented western European Christianity and reshaped institutions and power.

Early modern period

1500 → 1800

Also known as Early modern age · Edad Moderna · époque moderne

Broad historical period between late medieval and modern eras, conventionally defined in European history and not universally applicable to all regions.

Transatlantic slave trade

1500 → 1867

Also known as Atlantic slavery trade · Atlantic slave trade · Atlantik köle ticareti

Centuries-long forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic and its associated commercial systems.

European colonization of the Americas

1492 → 1900

Also known as Amerikan kolonileri · colonisation des Amériques · colonisation européenne de l'Amérique

Long and uneven process of European imperial settlement, conquest and governance across the Americas, differing greatly by region.

Spanish Golden Age

1492 → 1659

Also known as Século de Ouro Espanhol · siècle d'or espagnol · Siglo de Oro

Long flowering of arts and literature during the international rise and later challenges of Habsburg Spain.

Tudor period

1485 → 1603

Also known as Época Tudor · Era Tudor · Période Tudor

Period of England under the Tudor dynasty, including major religious reforms and consolidation of royal authority.

Sengoku period

1467 → 1600

Also known as Age of Warring States · Epoca Sengoku · Epoque Sengoku

Japanese era of prolonged civil warfare among regional military rulers preceding unification.

Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War

1409 → 1411

Also known as Guerra polacco-lituano-teutonica · Guerra Polaco-Lituana-Teutonica · Guerra polaco lituano-teutónica

The Great War between the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order, culminating in the Polish–Lithuanian victory at Grunwald.

Age of Discovery

1400 → 1700

Also known as A expansão marítima européia · Age of Exploration · As Grandes Navegações

Period of European maritime exploration and overseas expansion, conventionally dated from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries; experiences and consequences differed across world regions.

Joseon dynasty

1392 → 1897

Also known as Choson · Chosŏn · Choson Corea

Korean dynasty characterized by Neo-Confucian governance and lasting cultural and social institutions.

Ming dynasty

1368 → 1644

Also known as China · China Ming · dinastia Ming

Chinese dynasty succeeding Yuan, recognized for centralized administration, maritime activity and major cultural production.

Muromachi period

1336 → 1573

Also known as Ashikaga era · Ashikaga period · Ashikaga-Zeit

Japanese historical era of the Ashikaga shogunate, from the establishment of its government in Kyoto to its overthrow, overlapping with much of the Sengoku period.

Reign of Casimir III the Great

1333 → 1370

The reign of Casimir III the Great, the last Piast king of Poland, during which the kingdom was consolidated, administratively strengthened, and territorially expanded.

Avignon Papacy

1309 → 1377

Also known as Avignonesisches Exil · Avignonesisches Papsttum · Avignon Papalığı

The period from 1309 to 1377 when successive popes resided at Avignon rather than Rome, intensifying disputes over papal authority and Church governance.

Renaissance

1300 → 1600

Also known as Akıl çağı · Arte renacentista · Arte renascentista

Cultural and intellectual movement associated with renewed engagement with classical sources and major artistic transformations, especially in Europe.

Ottoman Empire

1299 → 1922

Also known as El Turco · Empire ottoman · estado otomano

Long-lived Ottoman imperial polity spanning southeastern Europe, Anatolia, the Levant and parts of North Africa.

Yuan dynasty

1271 → 1368

Also known as dinastía Yuan · dynastie Yuan en Chine · Empire du grand Khan

Mongol-led imperial dynasty governing China during a period of wide Eurasian political and cultural contacts.

Mongol Empire

1206 → 1368

Also known as Empire mongol · Empire turco-mongol · Grande Nação Mongol

The trans-Eurasian empire established by Genghis Khan and his successors, later divided among several khanates.

Kamakura period

1185 → 1333

Also known as Epoca Kamakura · Epoque de Kamakura · Époque Kamakura

Japanese era in which military governance under the Kamakura shogunate coexisted with the imperial court.

Song dynasty

960 → 1279

Also known as dinastia Song · Dinastia Sung · Dynastia Song

Chinese imperial dynasty associated with commercial expansion, technological advances and major cultural developments.

Goryeo dynasty

918 → 1392

Also known as Goryeo · Goryeoguk · Koryo

Korean kingdom and dynasty preceding Joseon, with strong Buddhist traditions and changing relationships with neighboring powers.

Heian period

794 → 1185

Also known as Epoca Heian · époque de Heian · Époque Heian

Japanese court-centered period distinguished by classical literary culture and evolving aristocratic and military power.

Abbasid Caliphate

750 → 1258

Also known as Abbasid Empire · Abbasiden-Kalifat · Abbasides

Major Islamic caliphal polity ruling from Baghdad and sponsoring extensive scholarly and commercial networks.

Islamic Golden Age

750 → 1258

Also known as Âge d'or islamique · Blütezeit des Islam · Edad de Oro del islam

Long period of scholarship and cultural production across diverse Islamic societies, not confined to a single dynasty.

Unified Silla period

668 → 935

Also known as Birleşik Silla · Later Silla · période Silla

Period of Silla predominance across most of the Korean peninsula, followed by the Later Three Kingdoms.

Tang dynasty

618 → 907

Also known as Datang · Da Tang · dinastia Tang

Chinese imperial dynasty from 618 to 907, marked by state expansion, major urban centers and far-reaching cultural exchange.

Early Islamic period

610 → 750

Formative centuries of Islam and early caliphates, including the beginnings of a far-reaching Islamic political and cultural sphere.

Sui dynasty

581 → 618

Also known as China under the Sui · China under the Sui Dynasty · dinastia Sui

Short-lived Chinese dynasty that reunified China after centuries of division and laid important administrative and infrastructural foundations for the Tang dynasty.

Middle Ages

500 → 1500

Also known as Edad Media · época medieval · Idade Média

Conventional European historical era between late antiquity and the early modern period, with varying local periodization.

Byzantine Empire

330 → 1453

Also known as Bizancio · Bizancjum · Bizans İmparatorluğu

Eastern Roman imperial state centered on Constantinople, continuing Roman governance and Christian traditions through the medieval era.

Late Antiquity

250 → 750

Also known as antigüedad tardía · Antigüidade tardia · Antiquite tardive

Transitional era around the Mediterranean and western Eurasia marked by transformations of Roman government, religions and successor states.

Three Kingdoms period

220 → 280

Also known as Epoka Trzech Królestw · Three Kingdoms · Tre Regni

Era of rival Wei, Shu and Wu states following the decline of Han rule in China.

Three Kingdoms of Korea

57 p.n.e. → 668

Also known as Drei Reiche von Korea · Samguk · Tre regni di Corea

Traditional period of competing Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula and neighboring regions, ending with Silla’s consolidation; earliest dates are partly legendary.

Han dynasty

206 p.n.e. → 220

Also known as dinastía Han · Dynastia Han · dynastie Han

Chinese imperial dynasty that consolidated institutions, expanded long-distance exchange and shaped later conceptions of Chinese statehood.

Qin dynasty

221 p.n.e. → 206 p.n.e.

Also known as Chin · China Chin · Dinastia Chin

Short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that unified major states and established lasting political and administrative precedents.

Maurya Empire

322 p.n.e. → 185 p.n.e.

Also known as Empire Maurya · Imperio Mauria · Imperio Maurya

Large ancient Indian empire founded under Chandragupta Maurya and expanded under his successors, including Ashoka, before its decline in the second century BCE.

Hellenistic period

323 p.n.e. → 31 p.n.e.

Also known as cultura helenística · Culture hellénistique · ellenismo

Era of Greek-influenced kingdoms and cultural exchange after Alexander the Great, conventionally ending with Roman dominance in the eastern Mediterranean.

Warring States period

475 p.n.e. → 221 p.n.e.

Also known as Chinese Warring States · Okres Walczących Królestw · Période des Royaumes combattants

Period of competing states in ancient China ending with political unification under Qin.

Greco-Persian Wars

499 p.n.e. → 449 p.n.e.

Also known as Guerras Greco-Persas · Guerras Greco-Pérsicas · Guerras Medas

Series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Persian Empire during the fifth century BCE.

Achaemenid Empire

550 p.n.e. → 330 p.n.e.

Also known as Achaemenid Persia · Achaemenid Persian Empire · Achämenidenreich

The Persian empire founded by Cyrus the Great, extending across western and central Asia until the conquests of Alexander.

Early Achaemenid Empire

550 p.n.e. → 530 p.n.e.

The early imperial period of the Achaemenid Persian state under Cyrus II, including its eastern and northeastern expansion.

Ancient Rome

753 p.n.e. → 476

Also known as Altes Rom · ancient Roman civilization · ancient Roman culture

The civilization and political history of ancient Rome, conventionally from the traditional founding of Rome through the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE; the Eastern Roman Empire continued beyond this endpoint.

Spring and Autumn period

770 p.n.e. → 476 p.n.e.

Also known as İlkbahar ve Sonbahar Dönemi · Okres Wiosen i Jesieni · période des Printemps et Automnes

Early phase of Eastern Zhou China characterized by competing regional states, weakening Zhou royal authority and new developments in warfare, diplomacy and thought.

Classical antiquity

800 p.n.e. → 600

Also known as Antichità classica · antigüedad clásica · Antigüedad grecolatina

Conventional frame for ancient Greek and Roman societies and their interaction with the wider Mediterranean world, spanning many political transformations.

Ancient Greece

1200 p.n.e. → 600

Also known as Altes Griechenland · antica Grecia · Antigua Grecia

Broad historical era of Greek-speaking communities and city-states, including the archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods; its boundaries are conventional.

Iron Age

1200 p.n.e. → 550

Also known as Âge du fer · Demir Çağı · Edad del Hierro

Region-dependent archaeological era associated with increasingly widespread use of iron tools and weapons; chronological boundaries cannot be universalized.