Historical Periods.

Russian Revolution and Civil War

1917 → 1923

Overlapping revolutionary crises and armed conflicts that ended imperial rule and led to the consolidation of Soviet power.

World War I

07.1914 → 11.1918

Also known as 14-18 · 1ª Guerra Mundial · 1GM

Global conflict centered on the European war of 1914–1918, involving empires, colonial territories and multiple military theaters.

Indian independence movement

1885 → 1947

Also known as Hindistan Bağımsızlık Hareketi · Indian freedom movement · Indian independence struggle

Nationalist movements and campaigns against British rule in India culminating in independence and partition in 1947.

Scramble for Africa

1881 → 1914

Also known as África en la era colonial · Afrika Talanı · Balgerei um Afrika

Rapid partition and consolidation of European imperial control over most of Africa during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Gilded Age

1870 → 1900

Also known as Gilded USA · Wiek pozłacany · Yaldızlı Çağ

Period of rapid economic growth and major inequality in the United States during its late nineteenth-century industrialization.

Second Industrial Revolution

1870 → 1914

Also known as Cause della seconda rivoluzione industriale · Druga rewolucja przemysłowa · İkinci ve Üçüncü Sanayi Devrimleri

Wave of industrial and technological change associated with steel, electricity, chemistry, large corporations and global infrastructures.

Meiji era

23.10.1868 → 30.07.1912

Also known as Epoka Meiji · époque Meiji · era Meiji

Japanese imperial reign period from 1868 to 1912, associated with institutional transformation, modernization and overseas expansion.

American Civil War

12.04.1861 → 26.05.1865

Also known as Amerikan İç Savaşı · Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg · Civil War

War between the Union and the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865, rooted in disputes over slavery, secession and the future of the United States.

British Raj

1858 → 1947

Also known as Britanik Raj · Britanya Hindistanı · Britisch Indien

Period of direct British Crown rule in most of the Indian subcontinent until partition and independence.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

1857 → 1858

Also known as 1857 Indian uprising · 1857 Rebellion · 1857 sepoy uprising

Major anti-colonial uprising against the East India Company in northern and central India, followed by the transfer of authority to the British Crown.

Oregon Trail emigration era

1840 → 1860

The era of organized wagon-train migration from the Missouri River frontier to Oregon and other western destinations, especially prominent from the 1840s through the 1860s.

Victorian era

1837 → 1901

Also known as Angleterre victorienne · Arquitetura vitoriana · Epoca victoriana

Reign of Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, conventionally used to describe British nineteenth-century social, political and cultural life.

Antebellum United States

1815 → 1861

United States before the Civil War, shaped by territorial growth, competing labor systems and mounting sectional tensions.

Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule

1815 → 1915

Also known as Congreso de Polonia · Congress Kingdom of Poland · Congresso da Polónia

Congress Poland, established in 1815 in personal union with the Russian Empire; its institutions and autonomy were increasingly curtailed following nineteenth-century uprisings, while the territory remained under Russian rule until World War I.

Napoleonic Wars

18.05.1803 → 20.11.1815

Also known as Campagne napoleoniche · Forças napoleónicas · Guerra napoleónica

Series of major European and global conflicts from 1803 to 1815 arising from the rivalry between Napoleonic France and successive coalitions, fundamentally reshaping Europe's political order.

American frontier

1800 → 1890

Changing zones of settlement, migration and conflict on the expanding United States frontier, rather than a single uniform geographic or temporal boundary.

Abolitionist movement

1780 → 1888

Also known as abolição da escravatura · abolicionismo · abolicjonizm

Transnational political and social campaigns against slavery and the slave trade, with different timelines across societies.

American Revolutionary War

1775 → 1783

Also known as American War of Independence · Amerika Bağımsızlık Savaşı · Amerikan Bağımsızlık Savaşı

War for independence of the thirteen British North American colonies, fought across North America and beyond.

Qing dynasty

1644 → 1912

Also known as Aisin Gioro · China Manchu · China Qing

Manchu-led dynasty ruling China from the seventeenth century until the end of imperial government in 1912.

Edo period

1603 → 1868

Also known as Edo-Ära · Edo çağı · Edo devri

Era of Tokugawa shogunal government in Japan, marked by relative domestic stability and distinctive urban culture.

Mughal Empire

1526 → 1857

Also known as Babür Devleti · Babürlü · Babürlü Devleti

Early modern empire in South Asia noted for its regional political reach, courtly culture and architectural legacy.

Ottoman Empire

1299 → 1922

Also known as El Turco · Empire ottoman · estado otomano

Long-lived Ottoman imperial polity spanning southeastern Europe, Anatolia, the Levant and parts of North Africa.

Maurya Empire

322 p.n.e. → 185 p.n.e.

Also known as Empire Maurya · Imperio Mauria · Imperio Maurya

Large ancient Indian empire founded under Chandragupta Maurya and expanded under his successors, including Ashoka, before its decline in the second century BCE.

Indus Valley Civilization

3300 p.n.e. → 1300 p.n.e.

Also known as Civilisation de la vallée de l’Indus · Civilisation de l'Indus · Civilisation harappéenne

Bronze Age civilization of the Indus basin, known for urban centers, craft production and extensive exchange networks.