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HISTORICAL CONTEXTHistorical introduction
Religious change was not one single revolution: Lutheran, Reformed and Anglican developments followed distinct institutional paths. Films about monarchs and martyrs help dramatize the consequences, but cannot stand in for a history of theology, printing, popular religion or the long conflicts after 1600.
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HISTORICAL CONTEXTLuther and reform in German lands · 1517–1530
Criticism of indulgences in 1517 catalyzed a wider contest over church authority and religious practice within the Holy Roman Empire; printing and imperial politics helped spread reform.
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HISTORICAL CONTEXTThe English break with Rome · 1529–1540
Henry VIII’s dispute over his marriage became a political and institutional separation of the English church from papal authority; opposition and dissolution of monasteries carried different costs.
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HISTORICAL CONTEXTConfessional rivalry and religious violence · 1547–1603
Reform movements fractured rather than unifying Christian Europe. Conflicts in France and England were bound to dynastic power, persecution and questions of loyalty.