Europe

The Roman Empire in the late second century CE, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and the early reign of Commodus.

Global war from 1939 to 1945.

The Pleistocene glacial period that preceded the present interglacial; the film’s stated setting is near its late phase.

The later phase of the Paleolithic in Europe, associated with anatomically modern human hunter-gatherers, specialized hunting, and Upper Paleolithic material cultures.

The period from 1309 to 1377 when successive popes resided at Avignon rather than Rome, intensifying disputes over papal authority and Church governance.

A period in which the Medici exercised decisive influence over the Florentine Republic without initially ruling as hereditary monarchs.

A prolonged series of conflicts between the English and French crowns, with the film focusing on its Lancastrian phase under Henry V.

From the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, Łódź underwent exceptionally rapid industrialization centered on cotton and other textile production. The period was marked by factory concentration, mass migration, multinational commercial communities, and unsafe working conditions.

The Italian Renaissance, particularly its Florentine phase, formed the cultural and political setting of Medici power.

Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, burying Pompeii and nearby settlements under volcanic material and causing widespread destruction in the Bay of Naples region.

Allied landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944.

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, initiating the European phase of World War II and destabilizing the multiethnic eastern borderlands.

Henry of Monmouth became King Henry V of England following the death of his father, Henry IV, in 1413.

Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of Roman senators in the Theatre of Pompey on 15 March 44 BCE.

On October 25, 1415, the English army under Henry V defeated the French near Agincourt during the Hundred Years’ War.

An English victory over the Scottish army led by William Wallace, after which Wallace lost his position as Guardian of Scotland.

A decisive Polish–Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Order during the Great War; the Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen was killed in the battle.

On 11 November 1673, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under John Sobieski defeated an Ottoman army at Khotyn, strengthening the Commonwealth’s position in the ongoing war.

The second plague pandemic’s catastrophic first wave in Europe, which reached Scandinavia around 1350 and caused extensive mortality and social and religious upheaval.

Civil war between the forces of Julius Caesar and Pompey from 49 to 45 BCE, followed by Caesar’s dictatorship.

The catastrophic April 26, 1986 accident at Reactor No. 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, followed by radioactive releases, evacuation, emergency response, and an extensive containment effort.

premier empereur romain de 27 av. J.–C. à 14

triumvir, homme d'État romain

Roman general and dictator whose rise accelerated the collapse of the republican political order.

cinquième empereur romain de 54 à 68, dernier représentant de la dynastie julio-claudienne

Roman prefect of Judea who presided over the authority responsible for Jesus’s crucifixion.

reine et régente du royaume de France

Last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt and a major participant in the final Roman republican conflicts.

militaire, homme d'État et monarque français

Jewish preacher whose ministry and crucifixion form the narrative center of the film.

pays du nord-ouest de l'Europe, faisant partie du Royaume-Uni

pays transcontinental au territoire métropolitain situé en Europe de l'Ouest

Capital of the Roman Empire.

Political center of the Commonwealth during the succession and mobilization period preceding the Ottoman invasion.

The kingdom whose political independence from England is the central issue of the narrative.

pays d'Europe centrale

capitale de l'Allemagne constituant un land fédéral