Historical Events.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

13.04.1919

Also known as Amritsar Katliamı · Amritsar Massacre · Amritsar-Massaker

British Indian troops fired on a crowd at Amritsar in April 1919; events motivated Udham Singh's later campaign.

Easter Rising

24.04.1916 → 29.04.1916

Also known as 1916 Rising · Alzamiento de Pascua · Dublin 1916

Irish republicans staged an insurrection in Dublin and elsewhere during Easter Week 1916.

Gallipoli campaign

1915 → 1916

Allied forces fought an unsuccessful campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula against the Ottoman Empire.

Christmas truce of 1914

24.12.1914 → 26.12.1914

Unofficial fraternization and ceasefires occurred at parts of the Western Front at Christmas 1914.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

28.06.1914

The killing of Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, which precipitated the July Crisis before World War I.

Sinking of the Titanic

14.04.1912 → 15.04.1912

Also known as desastre del Titanic · hundimiento del RMS Titanic · hundimiento del Titanic

RMS Titanic struck an iceberg and sank in the North Atlantic during its maiden voyage, causing the deaths of approximately 1,500 people.

Wuchang Uprising

10.10.1911

Also known as Aufstand von Wuchang · Levantamento de Wuchang · Levantamiento de Wuchang

The Wuchang military revolt sparked the 1911 Chinese Revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty.

Siege of Baler

1898 → 1899

Spanish soldiers continued to hold the church at Baler after Spain lost the Philippines.

Battle of Saragarhi

12.09.1897

Sikh soldiers of the 36th Sikh Regiment defended Saragarhi against attackers in 1897.

Battle of Canudos

1896 → 1897

Brazilian republican forces crushed the Canudos community after repeated military expeditions.

Battle of Khartoum (1885)

1885

Mahdist forces captured Khartoum after a siege and the British-appointed governor Charles Gordon died.

Berlin Conference of 1884–1885

1884 → 1885

European powers and the United States formalized rules for African colonial claims during the Berlin Conference.

Battle of Rorke's Drift

22.01.1879 → 23.01.1879

British troops defended Rorke's Drift against a Zulu attack during the Anglo-Zulu War.

Battle of Isandlwana

22.01.1879

Also known as bataille d'Isandhlwana · bataille d'Isandlwana · Batalha de Isandhlwana

Zulu forces inflicted a major defeat on the British during the opening phase of the Anglo-Zulu War.

Satsuma Rebellion

29.01.1877 → 24.09.1877

Also known as Bunt Satsumy · Powstanie Satsuma · Rebelião de Satsuma

The 1877 uprising of former samurai in southwestern Japan against the Meiji government, ending with the defeat of the rebels and the death of Saigō Takamori.

Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in the U.S. House

31.01.1865

The U.S. House passed the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, subject to later ratification.

Second Battle of Fort Wagner

18.07.1863

Union assault including the 54th Massachusetts Regiment on Fort Wagner became emblematic of Black military service.

Battle of Gettysburg

01.07.1863 → 03.07.1863

A three-day American Civil War battle in Pennsylvania, 1–3 July 1863, ending in a Union victory and halting Robert E. Lee’s invasion of the North.

Battle of Fredericksburg

1862

Confederate forces defeated Union attacks at Fredericksburg during the American Civil War.

Indigo Revolt (1859–1860)

1859 → 1860

Bengali cultivators resisted coercive indigo plantation contracts, inspiring one of colonial India's notable agrarian protests.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

1857 → 1858

A major rebellion against the East India Company's rule in India began in 1857.

Amistad slave revolt

1839

Enslaved Africans seized control of the Spanish ship La Amistad in 1839, provoking legal conflict in the United States.

Battle of the Alamo

23.02.1836 → 06.03.1836

Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged the Alamo during the Texas Revolution.

Brazilian Declaration of Independence

07.09.1822

Pedro declared Brazil's separation from Portugal, traditionally dated 7 September 1822.

Battle of Waterloo

18.06.1815

Also known as Bataille de mont Saint-Jean · bataille de Waterloo · Bataille du mont Saint-Jean

The 18 June 1815 battle at which British-led and Prussian allied forces defeated Napoleon, ending the Hundred Days and decisively changing the course of the Napoleonic Wars.

Dos de Mayo Uprising

02.05.1808

Madrid residents rose against French occupation, with harsh reprisals that helped trigger Spain's wider resistance.

Battle of Austerlitz

02.12.1805

Also known as Austerlitz · Bataille d’Austerlitz · Bataille des trois Empereurs

Napoleon defeated Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz in December 1805.

Execution of Louis XVI

21.01.1793

Louis XVI was executed during the French Revolution.

Storming of the Bastille

14.07.1789

Parisian insurgents stormed the Bastille, becoming a central symbol of the French Revolution.

Mutiny on HMS Bounty

28.04.1789

Fletcher Christian and crew mutinied against Captain William Bligh in the South Pacific.

Inconfidência Mineira

1789

An abortive conspiracy in colonial Minas Gerais advocated separation from Portugal.

Washington's crossing of the Delaware

25.12.1776 → 26.12.1776

Washington's crossing of the Delaware led to the surprise American victory at Trenton.

United States Declaration of Independence

04.07.1776

Also known as ABD Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi · American Declaration of Independence · American Independence Declaration

The Second Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776.

Execution of Crown Prince Sado

1762

Joseon crown prince Sado died after his father ordered him confined in a rice chest.

Battle of Khotyn (1673)

11.11.1673

Also known as bataille de Khotin · Bataille de khotin (1673) · Batalla de Chocim (1673)

On 11 November 1673, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under John Sobieski defeated an Ottoman army at Khotyn, strengthening the Commonwealth’s position in the ongoing war.

Siege of Zbarazh

10.07.1649 → 22.08.1649

Also known as Asedio de Zbarazh · Bitwa pod Zbarażem · Oblężenie Zbaraża

A siege in which Commonwealth forces under Jeremi Wiśniowiecki defended Zbarazh against Cossack and Crimean Tatar forces from July to August 1649.

Execution of Charles I

30.01.1649

King Charles I of England was executed after trial during the revolutionary settlement of the English Civil Wars.

Siege of Namhansanseong

1636 → 1637

King Injo took refuge in Namhansanseong during the Qing invasion of Joseon.

Gunpowder Plot

05.11.1605

A Catholic conspiracy to destroy the English Parliament and kill James I was uncovered in 1605.

Battle of Sekigahara

1600

Also known as bataille de Sekigahara · Bataille qui décida de l'avenir du pays · Batalha de Sekigahara

Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory was decisive in the consolidation of Tokugawa power.

Battle of Noryang

1598

A major concluding naval battle of the Japanese invasions of Korea in which Yi Sun-sin died.

Battle of Myeongnyang

26.10.1597

Also known as bataille de Myong-Yang · Batalha de Myeongnyang · Batalla de Myeongnyang

A naval battle in which the Joseon fleet under Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated a much larger Japanese force in the Myeongnyang Strait.

Battle of Hansan Island

1592

Yi Sun-sin's Joseon fleet defeated Japanese warships near Hansan Island during the Imjin War.

Spanish Armada campaign

1588

The attempted Spanish invasion of England failed in 1588; cinematic portrayal is dramatized.

Ninety-five Theses of Martin Luther

31.10.1517

Luther's theses became a symbolic starting point for the Protestant Reformation.

Ottoman conquest of Mamluk Egypt

1516 → 1517

The Ottoman campaign defeated the Mamluk state and brought Egypt under Ottoman rule.

First voyage of Christopher Columbus

1492 → 1493

The 1492 Atlantic voyage initiated sustained European encounters with the Americas and colonial expansion.

Pazzi conspiracy

26.04.1478

Also known as congiura dei Pazzi · conjuration des Pazzi · Conspiração dos Pazzi

A conspiracy involving the Pazzi family and Medici opponents culminated in an attack on Lorenzo and Giuliano de’ Medici in Florence on April 26, 1478.

Foundation of the Kazakh Khanate

1465 → 1466

The Kazakh Khanate emerged through the separation of Kerei and Janibek from the Uzbek state, conventionally dated to the mid-1460s.

Fall of Constantinople

29.05.1453

The Ottoman capture of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 following a siege, ending the Byzantine Empire and reshaping the political history of the eastern Mediterranean.

Execution of Joan of Arc

30.05.1431

Joan of Arc was executed in Rouen after her trial in 1431.

Siege of Orléans (1428–1429)

1428 → 1429

The raising of the siege at Orléans became a turning point of the Hundred Years' War.

Battle of Agincourt

25.10.1415

Also known as Agincourt Muharebesi · Agincourt Savaşı · bataille d'Azincourt

On October 25, 1415, the English army under Henry V defeated the French near Agincourt during the Hundred Years’ War.

Accession of Henry V

20.03.1413

Henry V became king of England upon the death of Henry IV on 20 March 1413. His coronation on 9 April was a later, separate ceremony and is not included in this event.

Battle of Grunwald

15.07.1410

Also known as bataille de Grunwald · Batalha de Grunwald · batalla de Grunwald

A decisive Polish–Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Order during the Great War; the Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen was killed in the battle.

Peasants' Revolt (1381)

1381

A major popular uprising in England challenged taxation and social hierarchy.

Congress of Kraków

1364

A major diplomatic gathering held in Kraków in 1364 during Casimir III's reign, involving rulers and prominent political figures from Central Europe.

Black Death

1347 → 1353

Also known as Bubonic Plague · Büyük Veba Salgını · czarna śmierć

The second plague pandemic’s catastrophic first wave in Europe, which reached Scandinavia around 1350 and caused extensive mortality and social and religious upheaval.

Battle of Falkirk

22.07.1298

Also known as bataille de Falkirk · Batalha de Falkirk · Batalla de Falkirk

An English victory over the Scottish army led by William Wallace, after which Wallace lost his position as Guardian of Scotland.

Battle on the Ice (1242)

05.04.1242

Alexander Nevsky's forces fought the Teutonic-led army on Lake Peipus; film staging is highly dramatized.

Siege of Rochester Castle (1215)

1215

Royal troops besieged Rochester Castle during the First Barons' War.

Siege of Jerusalem (1187)

20.09.1187 → 02.10.1187

Saladin’s siege of Jerusalem, ending with the city’s surrender on October 2, 1187, after the defeat of the crusader army at Hattin.

Battle of Hattin

04.07.1187

Also known as Bataille de Hattîn · Batalha de Hattin · Batalla de Hattin

Saladin’s decisive victory over the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which destroyed the kingdom’s main field force and opened the way for the reconquest of Jerusalem.

Battle of Hastings

14.10.1066

Also known as Bataille de Hastings · Bataille d’Hastings · Batalha de Hastings

The 14 October 1066 battle in which William of Normandy defeated King Harold II, a decisive turning point in the Norman Conquest of England.

An Lushan Rebellion

755 → 763

Also known as An Luşan İsyanı · Rebelião de An Lushuan · Rebelion de An Lushan

The major Tang rebellion whose aftermath shaped the fragmented political order represented in the film.

Battle of Hwangsanbeol

660

Silla forces defeated Baekje troops in a decisive battle during the unification wars.

Battle of Ansi

645

Goguryeo defenders resisted a Tang assault at Ansi during the 645 invasion.

Destruction of the Serapeum of Alexandria

391

The Serapeum, a major temple of Serapis and an important pagan institution in Alexandria, was destroyed or dismantled during religious conflict in the late fourth century, after imperial measures restricting pagan cults.

Battle of Red Cliffs

208

A major defeat of Cao Cao by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei near the Yangtze River during the late Eastern Han. Generally dated to winter 208; alternative chronology extends into early 209.

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius (79 CE)

79

Also known as Ausbruch des Vesuvs 79 n. Chr. · erupção do Vesúvio de 79 · Erupción del Vesubio

Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, burying Pompeii and nearby settlements under volcanic material and causing widespread destruction in the Bay of Naples region.

Siege of Masada

72 → 73

Roman forces besieged the Masada stronghold during the concluding phase of the First Jewish–Roman War.

Great Fire of Rome

18.07.64 → 27.07.64

Also known as Brand von Rom · Grande incêndio de Roma · Grand incendie de Rome

The devastating fire that began in Rome on the night of 18–19 July 64 CE, burning for about nine days including a renewed outbreak. The endpoint is approximate rather than an attested exact hour or day.

Boudican revolt

60 → 61

Boudica led an uprising against Roman rule in Britain.

Crucifixion of Jesus

30

Also known as Calvário · Christ en Croix · Christ on the Cross

The Roman execution of Jesus of Nazareth in Jerusalem during the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

9

Also known as bataille de la forêt de Teutberg · bataille de Teutberg · bataille de Teutobourg

Germanic groups defeated three Roman legions in a major setback for Roman expansion east of the Rhine.

Assassination of Julius Caesar

15.03.44 p.n.e.

Also known as asesinato de Julio Cesar · assassinat de Jules César · assassination of Caesar

Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of Roman senators in the Theatre of Pompey on 15 March 44 BCE.

Liberators' Civil War

44 p.n.e. → 42 p.n.e.

Also known as Civil War of the Liberators · Deuxième guerre civile romaine · guerre civile des Libérateurs

The civil war following Caesar’s assassination, culminating in the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in 42 BCE.

Caesar's Civil War

49 p.n.e. → 45 p.n.e.

Also known as Bürgerkrieg zwischen Caesar und Pompeius · Great Roman Civil War · Guerra civil Cesariana

Civil war between the forces of Julius Caesar and Pompey from 49 to 45 BCE, followed by Caesar’s dictatorship.

Spartacus slave revolt

73 p.n.e. → 71 p.n.e.

Spartacus led a major uprising of enslaved people against the Roman Republic.

Kalinga War

261 p.n.e.

Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga is traditionally linked to the emperor's turn toward Buddhist ethics.