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TARİHSEL BAĞLAMHistorical introduction
The Meiji Restoration was not one battle or the sudden replacement of “tradition” by “modernity.” It grew from foreign pressure, domestic opposition, civil war, institutional reform and new forms of power, with gains and deep social costs.
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TARİHSEL BAĞLAMForeign pressure and crisis of the shogunate · 1853–1863
American naval pressure, unequal treaties and conflict over authority destabilized the Tokugawa order.
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TARİHSEL BAĞLAMBakumatsu conflict and the 1868 transition · 1860s
Rival domains, political assassinations, reformers and loyalists shaped the last years of the shogunate.
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TARİHSEL BAĞLAMImperial restoration and the end of samurai privileges · 1868–1877
Reforms abolished domains, introduced conscription and challenged hereditary status, leading to rebellion.