Europa

wojna w latach 1939–1945 toczona na różnych kontynentach i oceanach

The Roman Empire in the late second century CE, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and the early reign of Commodus.

napięcia i tarcia w relacjach USA-ZSRR i ich sojuszników

The Pleistocene glacial period that preceded the present interglacial; the film’s stated setting is near its late phase.

The later phase of the Paleolithic in Europe, associated with anatomically modern human hunter-gatherers, specialized hunting, and Upper Paleolithic material cultures.

cywilizacja starożytna

The period from 1309 to 1377 when successive popes resided at Avignon rather than Rome, intensifying disputes over papal authority and Church governance.

A period in which the Medici exercised decisive influence over the Florentine Republic without initially ruling as hereditary monarchs.

A prolonged series of conflicts between the English and French crowns, with the film focusing on its Lancastrian phase under Henry V.

From the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, Łódź underwent exceptionally rapid industrialization centered on cotton and other textile production. The period was marked by factory concentration, mass migration, multinational commercial communities, and unsafe working conditions.

The Italian Renaissance, particularly its Florentine phase, formed the cultural and political setting of Medici power.

A major Cossack revolt against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eastern territories of the Commonwealth, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky and supported at various stages by Crimean Tatar forces.

Allied landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944.

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, initiating the European phase of World War II and destabilizing the multiethnic eastern borderlands.

Henry of Monmouth became King Henry V of England following the death of his father, Henry IV, in 1413.

Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of Roman senators in the Theatre of Pompey on 15 March 44 BCE.

On October 25, 1415, the English army under Henry V defeated the French near Agincourt during the Hundred Years’ War.

An English victory over the Scottish army led by William Wallace, after which Wallace lost his position as Guardian of Scotland.

A decisive Polish–Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Order during the Great War; the Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen was killed in the battle.

On 11 November 1673, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under John Sobieski defeated an Ottoman army at Khotyn, strengthening the Commonwealth’s position in the ongoing war.

The second plague pandemic’s catastrophic first wave in Europe, which reached Scandinavia around 1350 and caused extensive mortality and social and religious upheaval.

Civil war between the forces of Julius Caesar and Pompey from 49 to 45 BCE, followed by Caesar’s dictatorship.

The catastrophic April 26, 1986 accident at Reactor No. 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, followed by radioactive releases, evacuation, emergency response, and an extensive containment effort.

The People's Liberation Army's advance into Tibet in 1950 ends the period of relative isolation represented in the film and prompts Harrer's departure.

tybetański duchowny buddyjski i polityk, dalajlama i noblista pokojowy

Cossack hetman and leader of the 1648 uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

King of Poland from 1333 to 1370 and the last ruler of the Piast dynasty on the Polish throne.

cesarz rzymski w latach 180–192 (161–192)

Władca Florencji z dynastii Medyceuszy

Florentine banker and founder of the political fortunes of the senior Medici line.

Austrian mountaineer whose experiences in Tibet form the basis of the film.

król Anglii

Polish-Lithuanian magnate and military commander who led the Commonwealth defense during the early stages of the uprising.

Roman general and dictator whose rise accelerated the collapse of the republican political order.

Florentine ruler, diplomat, and patron of Renaissance culture, known as Lorenzo the Magnificent.

A Danish officer of Mecklenburg background whose mid-eighteenth-century proposals helped advance attempts to cultivate the heathlands of Jutland.

stolica Włoch

The kingdom attempting to exercise control over Scotland during the conflict.

państwo w Europie Zachodniej

miasto w Polsce, stolica województwa małopolskiego i historyczna stolica Małopolski

One of the five Allied landing beaches in Normandy and the site of the film’s opening battle.

The northern French locality near which Henry V won his major victory on October 25, 1415.

The Athenian polis, where Socrates lived, taught, was prosecuted, and died.

stolica Niemiec

państwo w Europie Północnej

Port city in northern France where Allied forces were surrounded and evacuated in May–June 1940.

The central city of the series and the seat of Medici influence during the Renaissance.