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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТЕКСТHistorical introduction
The Meiji Restoration was not one battle or the sudden replacement of “tradition” by “modernity.” It grew from foreign pressure, domestic opposition, civil war, institutional reform and new forms of power, with gains and deep social costs.
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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТЕКСТForeign pressure and crisis of the shogunate · 1853–1863
American naval pressure, unequal treaties and conflict over authority destabilized the Tokugawa order.
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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТЕКСТBakumatsu conflict and the 1868 transition · 1860s
Rival domains, political assassinations, reformers and loyalists shaped the last years of the shogunate.
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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТЕКСТImperial restoration and the end of samurai privileges · 1868–1877
Reforms abolished domains, introduced conscription and challenged hereditary status, leading to rebellion.