Poland

From the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, Łódź underwent exceptionally rapid industrialization centered on cotton and other textile production. The period was marked by factory concentration, mass migration, multinational commercial communities, and unsafe working conditions.

guerra entre os Cavaleiros Teutônicos e a aliança da Polônia e da Lituânia (1409-1411)

war in South-Eastern Europe (1672–1676)

The reign of Casimir III the Great, the last Piast king of Poland, during which the kingdom was consolidated, administratively strengthened, and territorially expanded.

conflito militar global ocorrido entre 1939 e 1945

The Commonwealth during a period of political factionalism and renewed military pressure from the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate.

territory in Eastern Europe in Russian empire (1815–1915)

1410 battle between the Teutonic Knights and Poland–Lithuania

1673 battle where Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under John Sobieski defeated Ottoman Empire forces under Hussain Pasha

invasão militar da Polônia pela Alemanha Nazi, fato que desencadeou o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial na Europa

A major diplomatic gathering held in Kraków in 1364 during Casimir III's reign, involving rulers and prominent political figures from Central Europe.

King of Poland from 1333 to 1370 and the last ruler of the Piast dynasty on the Polish throne.

Political center of the Commonwealth during the succession and mobilization period preceding the Ottoman invasion.

Nazi German concentration and extermination camp complex to which Jewish prisoners from occupied Poland were deported and murdered.

Polish city and administrative center of the German occupation in which Schindler operated his enamelware factory.

City in Poland.

cidade e distrito metropolitano na Grande Manchester, Inglaterra

Polish Baltic city and central setting of the December 1970 violence depicted in Black Thursday.

Site of the decisive 15 July 1410 battle between the Polish–Lithuanian coalition and the Teutonic Order.

Strategic fortress in Podolia, besieged and captured by Ottoman forces in 1672.

cidade na Ucrânia

A major textile-manufacturing city in the Kingdom of Poland that experienced explosive industrial and demographic growth in the second half of the 19th century.