Poland

From the 1870s to the turn of the 20th century, Łódź underwent exceptionally rapid industrialization centered on cotton and other textile production. The period was marked by factory concentration, mass migration, multinational commercial communities, and unsafe working conditions.

The Great War between the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order, culminating in the Polish–Lithuanian victory at Grunwald.

A war between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, involving Crimean Tatar forces and fought chiefly over Podolia and neighboring Ukrainian territories.

The reign of Casimir III the Great, the last Piast king of Poland, during which the kingdom was consolidated, administratively strengthened, and territorially expanded.

Global war from 1939 to 1945.

The Commonwealth during a period of political factionalism and renewed military pressure from the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate.

In the late 19th century, Łódź formed part of the Kingdom of Poland, a polity subordinate to the Russian Empire after the partitions of Poland.

A decisive Polish–Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Order during the Great War; the Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen was killed in the battle.

On 11 November 1673, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under John Sobieski defeated an Ottoman army at Khotyn, strengthening the Commonwealth’s position in the ongoing war.

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, initiating the European phase of World War II and destabilizing the multiethnic eastern borderlands.

A major diplomatic gathering held in Kraków in 1364 during Casimir III's reign, involving rulers and prominent political figures from Central Europe.

King of Poland from 1333 to 1370 and the last ruler of the Piast dynasty on the Polish throne.

Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, killed during the Battle of Grunwald.

King of Poland and commander of the Polish–Lithuanian coalition at the Battle of Grunwald.

Grand Hetman of the Crown and commander of the Commonwealth forces victorious at Khotyn in 1673; he became king later that year.

King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1669 to 1673.

Polish city and administrative center of the German occupation in which Schindler operated his enamelware factory.

Site of the decisive 15 July 1410 battle between the Polish–Lithuanian coalition and the Teutonic Order.

Strategic fortress in Podolia, besieged and captured by Ottoman forces in 1672.

Fortress on the Dniester and site of the Commonwealth victory over the Ottoman army on 11 November 1673.

A major textile-manufacturing city in the Kingdom of Poland that experienced explosive industrial and demographic growth in the second half of the 19th century.

Southeastern region of the Commonwealth and the principal theater of the 1672 Ottoman campaign.

Nazi German concentration and extermination camp complex to which Jewish prisoners from occupied Poland were deported and murdered.

Political center of the Commonwealth during the succession and mobilization period preceding the Ottoman invasion.